Good morning! I wanted to pass on to you a great article I found in my jaunts this morning. It talks about the the sixth century espionage that broke the Chinese monopoly on silk production and the Persian monopoly on silk trade…
Late Roman Silk: Smuggling and Espionage in the 6th Century CE
So I am finally getting to translating some of the non-English articles that have been sitting on my shelf for awhile. I have no claim to being able to speak any of these languages so I use Google translate and several different online dictionaries. I am concentrating on those articles specifically mentioning Arnegunde (Arnegonde, Arnegundis) as that is my main interest at this point.
This first article is by A, France-Lanord, who did much of the initial work on the gravefinds for Arnegunde, who was buried under the Saint-Denis Cathedral. Excavations took place in 1959. The textiles have since been re-conserved, which I have talked about in other posts (or I should talk about them, anyway)
Please feel free to suggest revisions and improvements in the translations in the comment section.
France Lanord, A. (1962) Das grab der Arnegundis in Saint-Denis. Germania. 40. 341-359.
Goldstickerei (Abb. 3, 10; Taf. 31,7). Diese Stickereien bestehen aus feinen Goldfäden, die auf eine Borte aus Seide aufgenäht sind, welche ihrerseits auf dem Seiden-Satinband appliziert war, mit dem die Manschetten der Tunika verziert waren 9. Die Fäden sind aus einem sehr dünnen Blattgoldband gefertigt, 0,25 mm stark und 0,8 mm breit, sind außerordentlich regelmäßig und waren spiralförmig um einen starken, heute verschwundenen Seidenfaden gewickelt. Es kamen etwa 13 bis 14 Drehungen auf einen Zentimeter. Der Durchmesser der Goldfäden erreichte etwa 0,45 mm bei einer Länge von bis zu 150 mm. Sie wurden auf die Seidenborte in feinen Stichen mit einem sehr dünnen Seidenfaden aufgenäht, wobei die Stiche mehr oder weniger nahe beieinander lagen, je nach der Art des Musters.
Der Dekor (Abb 5, 1-3) setzt sich aus einer Reihe von Rosetten zusammen, die in ein rechteckiges Feld einbeschrieben sind und von sphärischen Dreiecken begeleitet werden. Auf einer einzigen Seite läuft noch ein Fries mit Dreiecken, die dachziegelartig gegeneinander versetzt und mit einer Spirale ausgelegt sind, welche dem Kontur des Dreiecks folgt. Die Rosetten zeigen drei Varianten:
9. Nachdem die Borten aus den sie umgebenden Resten herausgezogen worden waren, kam es darauf an, sie zu festigen. Ich entschloß mich nach sorgfältiger Prüfung aller Möglichkeiten, sie auf eine feste Unterlage zu übertragen. Es war wichtig, die Masse der Goldfaden zu entwirren, ohne dabei die ursprüngliche Ordnung zu zerstören. Der unterste Stoff besaß keinerlei Festigkeit mehr und zerfiel bei der geringsten Berührung zu Staub. Andererseits bot aber auch die Elastizität und Widerstandsfähigkeit der Goldfäden Schwierigkeiten bei ihrer Glättung. Es wäre unmöglich gewesen, diese Stickereien vor einer Festigung zu berühren – übriggeblieben wäre dann nur ein Knäuel von Goldfäden. Man konnte die gestickten Teile dadurch etwas festigen, daß einige Tropfen einer heißen Mischung von Wachs, Parafinn und Dammar-Harz aufgeträufelt wurden. Dann wurde die Borte von der Manschette gelost und die sichtbaren Teile in der Warme mit einem wachsgetränkten Seidenpapier abgedeckt. Nach dieser ersten Festigung wurden Ober- und Unterseite getrennt, die einzelnen Teile der Stickerei abgenommen, entwirrt, geglättet und dann auf eine provisorische Unterlage übertragen. Dieser Arbeitsvorgang wurde standing bei Wärms vorgenommen, sie es auf einem Heiztisch, unter Infrarotlicht oder bei Warmluft, wie es die Umstände ergaben. So konnte fast der gesamte Bestand an Stickerei geborgen und schließlich auf die endgültige Unterlage ubertragen werden. Wir wählten dazu ein wachsgetränktes Seidenpapier, weil dies sich dauerhafter als Stoff erweisen hat. Außerdem bereitet es keinerlei Schwierigkeiten, die Stickerei nötigenfalls wieder auf eine andere Unterlage zu übertragen. Hierzu braucht nur die Unterseite des jetzigen Trägers erwärmt zu werden, wonach die Stickerei auf eine neue Unterlage gleiten kann.
English Translation:
Gold embroidery (Fig. 3, 10, pl 31.7). These embroideries are made of fine gold threads are sewn on a border of silk, which in turn was applied to the silk-satin ribbon, with the cuffs of the tunic was decorated 9. The threads are made of very thin gold foil tape, 0.25 mm thick and 0.8 mm wide, are very regular and were spirally around a strong, now-vanished silk thread wrapped. There were about 13 to 14 turns to an inch. The diameter of the threads of gold reached about 0.45 mm with a length of up to 150 mm. They were sewn onto the lace trim in fine stitches with a very thin silk thread, with the stitches more or less close to one another, depending on the type of pattern.
The decoration (Fig. 5, 1-3) is composed of a series of rosettes, which are inscribed in a rectangular box and are accompanied by spherical triangles. On a single page or a frieze runs with triangles that are offset from each other like roof tiles and inlaid with a spiral, which follows the contour of the triangle. The rosettes show three variants:
9. After the borders of the surrounding residues had been removed, it was important to strengthen it. I decided after carefully examining all the possibilities to transfer them to a solid surface. It was important to untangle the mass of gold thread, without destroying the original order. The bottom material had no more strength and crumbled to dust at the slightest touch. On the other hand, it also offered the flexibility and resilience of the gold threads of their difficulties in smoothing. It would have been impossible to touch the embroidery before consolidation – would be left only one skein of gold thread. You could consolidate the embroidered parts by something that a few drops were dripped on a hot mixture of wax, dammar resin and para-Finn. Then, the border was dissolved by the collar and cover the visible parts in the heat with a wax-soaked tissue paper. After this first consolidation were the top and bottom separately, removed the pieces of embroidery, untangled, smoothed and then transferred to a temporary base. This operation was performed in standing heat, she is on a hot stage, under infrared light or hot air, as it were the circumstances. Was able to almost the entire collection of embroidery and are eventually rescued transferred to the final document. We chose to use a wax-impregnated tissue paper, because it has proved itself more durable than fabric. It also poses no difficulty, if necessary, transfer the embroidery to back on a different surface. For that, only the underside of the beam current needs to be heated, after which the embroidery can slide on a new document.
Die Zwickel zwischen den Rosetten sind mit spharischen Dreieken ausgefullt, die in sich wieder eine Spirale zeigen. Die 30 mm briete Borte ist auf jeder Seite mit langen, geraden Goldfaden eingefaßt und wird an den beiden Enden durch Faden abgeschlossen, die senkrecht zum Lauf der Borte stehen. Heute sind nur noch siebzehn Rosetten erhalten, wahrend es ursprunglich 18 oder sogar 19 waren, womit wir auf eine Länge (jetzt 35 cm) von 37 oder 38 cm kamen. Auf Grund der großen Schwierigkeiten, mit der die Restaurierung dieses Stuckes verbunden war, ist die jetzige Anordnung der Rosetten nicht mehr die originale – sie mußten vielmehr so angeordnet sein, daß niemals zwei gleichartig verzierte Rosetten aufeinander folgen. Obwohl wir in diesem Bericht grundsatzlich kein Vergleichsmaterial heranziehen wollen, scheint uns der Hinweis doch wichtig, daß Stucke bis heute die einzigen ihrer Art sind. Die wenigen Goldbrokatreste, sie Saint-Denis wahrend der Grabungen von E. Salin zum Vorschein kamen, sind vollig anders und auch fast vergangen. 10
10. Vgl. Salin, Les Tombes gallo-romaines 214-223 und Taf. 13-14 u. 17.
English translation:
The spandrels between the rosettes are filled out with spherical triangles, which show again in a spiral. The 30 mm roasted (?) border is bordered on each side with long, straight and gold thread on both ends closed by thread, which are perpendicular to the running of the edging. Today, only seventeen receive rosettes, while there were originally 18 or even 19, so we came up with a long (now 35 cm) of 37 or 38 cm. Because of the great difficulties with the restoration of the stucco was connected, the current arrangement of roses is not the original – but they had to be arranged such that no two identically decorated rosettes consecutive. Although we basically want to use in this report, no reference material, the note seems to us important that pieces are still the only ones of their kind. The few remnants of cloth of gold, they came Saint-Denis during the excavations of E. Salin to light are completely different and almost passed.
We are lucky to have a few extant pieces of material from the Merovingian period. At the Albert Bono Museum in Chelles, France (just 15 minutes from Paris) is a wonderful collection of clothing and personal items from two Merovingian woman, Queen Bathilde and Abbess Bertille.
Today, we are looking at the coiffure of Bathilde. She had long blonde hair that was gathered to a single point an the nape, and then divided into two strands. The hair was not braided, but rather wrapped in a silk cord, 4.91 meters long. The silk cord was composed of a central core of reeled silk (not spun), 4.91 meters long, with intervals wrapped by spun (possibly two-ply) silk threads and gold-foil wrapped silk. The colors of the wrapping silk are red, yellow and green.
Here is a conjecture of what it possibly looked like.
Here are some images of the actual hair. The first one is a close-up of a wrapped section of the cord.
This is a section that shows how the hair was gathered and wrapped by the cord.
This is a section of the silk fibers with sections wrapped by silk thread and gold-wrapped threads. The gold was crimped around the hair strands to help hold the hair and cords in place.
I’ve read that there have been chemical analyses on her hair, but haven’t been able to find the references in time to add into this post. (I’ll add it when I do find it) I seem to remember the analysis showed the presence of cannabis and chamomile. (I could be confusing Bathilde with Arnegunde who was buried with a hemp cloth). The presence of cannabis in hair does not necessarily mean that she was a toker, although that has been claimed by some. It is possible that cannabis oil and chamomile were used as hair dressing.
Over the hair a veil would have been worn, and that is a topic for another discussion.
It is rare to find surviving examples of clothing from the early medieval period. In the textile relics of the Chelles Abbey we have the lucky concurrence of well preserved garments and a fairly extensive textual record of both women, St. Bathilde and St. Bertille.
Bathilde was an Anglo-Saxon woman captured in a raid and sold as a slave in Gaul in the early 7th Century. She was purchased by Erchinaold, then mayor of the palace of Neustria. She came to the attention of King Clovis II of Neustria and Burgundy and was made his consort (Harris, 1998). This began her career as one of the most powerful Merovingian queens.
She used her power as Queen to build powerful networks among the patrician Gallo-Roman aristocrats. Bathilde aggressively managed the placing of bishops and established monasteries throughout the Kingdom. Her most lasting legacy was in the Royal villa turned abbey of Chelles on the Marne River (Hen, 1995). This became her domain when she was forced into retirement sometime around the 660s (Harris, 1998). Bathilde died in 690 and was thereafter made a saint. Garments worn by Bathilde form part of the reliquary of Chelles.
Bertille was born in the province of Soissons in a patrician family. Bathilde chose her to be the first Abbess of Chelles after being trained in the Abbey of Jouarre in Brie-sur-Marne (Harris, 1998). Bertilla died in about 700 and many miracles were attributed to her after her death.